Bioreactor Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Repair

摘要: Already in utero developing articular cartilage is exposed to, and as well dependent of, a certain degree of mechanical stimulation (Brommer et al., Equine Vet J 37(2):148–154, 2005). Likewise, adult hyaline strongly regulated by frequent input dynamic load. It now clear that chondrocytes mesenchymal stem cells clearly benefit from physical stimuli vitro (Grad Clin Orthop Relat Res 469(10):2764–2772, 2011). The term preconditioning has evolved the field tissue engineering, roughly describing an enhanced chondrogenesis application different which aims to generate more functional constructs for implantation. Physical one way precondition commonly realized use bioreactors. Bioreactor systems can closely reproduce vivo environment, provoke highly efficient chondrogenesis. They offer possibility evaluate novel therapeutic approaches while avoiding ethically challenging animal models. Mechanical load be applied tension, hydrostatic pressure, compression, shear, any combination these stimuli. In particular, compression shear very resembles human joint situation Tissue Eng 12(11):3171–3179, 2006). result upregulation classical chondrogenic markers such collagen 2, proteoglycan-4 aggrecan. Furthermore it been shown cell-matrix have subjected loading highlighted organized alignment direction stimulation, when compared free-swelling (Salzmann Part A 15(9):2513–2524, 2009). Significantly increased properties also reported following vitro. However, effective only generated stimulus correctly terms modulus, frequency, duration force. Furthermore, embedded within 3-D environment provides sufficient backbone withstand transmit loads parallel still permitting Novel bioreactor engineering aiming repair may focus on cell combining with chemical stimuli, promoting (Li Cell Physiol 227(5):2003–2012,