Human Indoor Exposure to Airborne Halogenated Flame Retardants: Influence of Airborne Particle Size.

摘要: Inhalation of halogenated flame-retardants (HFRs) released from consumer products is an important route exposure. However, not all airborne HFRs are respirable, and thus interact with vascular membranes within the gas exchange (alveolar) region lung. associated large (>4 µm), inhalable particulates trapped on mucosal lining respiratory tract then expelled or swallowed. The latter may contribute to internal exposure via desorption particles in digestive tract. Exposures also be underestimated if personal activities that re-suspend into breathing zone taken account. Here, samples were collected using air samplers, clipped participants' shirt collars (n = 18). We observed larger, carried bulk (>92%) HFRs. detected included those removed commerce (i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Penta-BDEs: BDE-47, -85, -100, -99, -153)), their replacements; e.g., 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB EH-TBB); bis(2-ethylhexyl) 3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH BEH-TEBP) long-produced chlorinated organophosphate-FRs (ClOPFRs): tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP TDCIPP). Our findings suggest estimates relying a single route, i.e., alveolar exchange, accurately estimate HFR dosage, as they ignore contributions larger enter Consideration fate bioavailability these resulted higher dosage for log Koa 12 TBB TBPH) compared alone. Of examined, most significant effect was lower by 41% TBPH. TBPH uptake inhaled estimated through tract, bioavailability. inhalation chronic oral reference doses (RfDs) established several regulatory agencies. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) RfD levels considered outdated; however, BDE-99 exceeded suggested Dutch National Institute Public Health Environment (RIVM) up 26 times. These indicate respirable should both future risk assessments.