1. Quality assurance for environmental analysis

摘要: Abstract Environmental studies cover a broad range of disciplines, e.g. analytical chemistry, geology and biology, include several aims such as monitoring (routine analyses), research (studies environmental pathways), modelling etc. Chemical analyses are in many cases the basis these hence have an enormous economic impact. Consequently, awareness need for quality control has increased considerably is illustrated by multiplication assurance (QA) guidelines, standards accreditation systems. However, accuracy results is, cases, far from being achieved. Typical examples lack that occurs determination inorganic [1] organic traces [2] matrices. These no means exceptional; problem common to fields analysis. When differ so much, they not trustworthy poor performance laboratories creates losses: extra analyses, destruction food goods, court actions, Moreover, past too wrong but highly reproducible lead misinterpretation processes. Intercomparisons valuable tool evaluate methods or way applied laboratory well verification results. The recent intercomparisons shown often accurate. In order improve situation good system be introduced each laboratory. This chapter addresses some main aspects gives sources discrepancies major trace elements, chemical species compounds. QA sample collection storage obviously another important feature will discussed this which rather focuses on internal control.