作者: Steven F. Maier , Martin E. Seligman
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3
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摘要: \, SUMMARY In 1967, Overmier and Seligman found that dogs exposed to inescapable unavoidable electric shocks in one situation later failed learn escape shock a different where was possible. Shortly thereafter Maier (1967) demonstrated this effect caused by the uncontrollability of original shocks. article we review effects exposing organisms aversive events which they cannot control, explanations have been offered. There seem be motivational, cognitive, emotional uncontrollability. (a) Motivation. Dogs do not subsequently initiate response presence shock. We parallel phenomena cats, fish, rats, man. Of particular interest is discussion learned helplessness rats Rats are because has difficult demonstrate rats. However, show inescapably shocked fail if task reasonably difficult. With regard man, variety studies using noise unsolvable problems as agents produce on both instrumental cognitive tasks, (b) Cognition. argue exposure uncontrollabl e interferes with organism's tendency perceive contingent relationships between its behavior outcomes. Here showing such set. (c) Emotion. experiments uncontrollable greater disruption than controllable events. proposed an explanation for these effects, call hypothesis. It argues when organism learns outcomes independent, learning produces uncontrollabi lity. describe hypothesis research supports it. Finally, discuss detail alternative hypotheses offered accounts effect. One set motor responses during compete required test task. Another holds severe stressor depletes neurochemical necessary mediation movement. examine logical structure present evidence bears them directly.