Microbiological Health Risk Assessment of Water Conservation Strategies: A Case Study in Amsterdam
作者： Ljiljana Zlatanovic , Jan Peter van der Hoek , Arne Bosch , Agung Kusumawardhana
关键词:
摘要: The aim of this study was to assess the health risks that may arise from implementation greywater reuse and rainwater harvesting for household use, especially toilet flushing. In addition, risk cross connections between these systems drinking water system considered. Quantitative microbial assessment (QMRA) is a method uses mathematical modelling estimate infection when exposure pathogens happens used in risks. results showed using without prior treatment flushing poses an annual L. pneumophila at 0.64 per-person-per-year (pppy) which exceeds Dutch standard 10−4 pppy. use untreated below standard. However, recommended due ability P. aeruginosa grow system. Moreover, showering with cross-connected has high contact Staphylococcus aureus E. coli O157:H7. Several measures can be implemented mitigate such as treating minimum 5-log removal, closing lid while flushing, good design collection systems, rigorous plumbing installation procedures.
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