Mobility and space use of moose in relation to spatial and temporal exposure to wolves

摘要: In a predator-prey system, prey species may adapt to the presence of predators with behavioral changes such as increased vigilance, shifting habitats or changes in their mobility. Across North America, moose (Alces alces) have shown re-colonizing predators, wolves (Canis lupus) but anti-predator behavioral responses not yet been found Scandinavian moose. The more than century long absence Scandinavia and current re-colonization since the 1980s provide unique conditions further detail our knowledge effect on moose. I analyzed travel speed, linearity movement seasonal home range size GPS collared female moose within same population spatial (inside- / outside wolf territories) and temporal (before- after re-establishment wolves) differences exposure wolves. Differences female study area correlated to wolves, ranges tended be larger areas territory frequent presence of wolves. Travel speed were mostly affected by and differences reproductive status. was highest during calving (May – Jul.) postcalving (Aug. Oct.) seasons, generally lower for females calves without calves all seasons. Related wolves, suppressed observed inside compared outside, an elevated mobility seen certain, more intensively used territory. The reproduction, as concentrated observed at heel, calving season. Overall, results supported that strongly influenced by external factors status, return absent natural predators. This can due combination several including e.g. densities, higher moose:wolf ratios intensive hunting harvest North America.