Cyanotoxins, related health hazards on animals and their management: A Review

摘要: Cyanobacteria are one of the largest subgroups Gram-negative prokaryotic micro-organisms showing oxygenic photosynthesis. Under favorable environmental condition and nutrient enrichment water bodies these microorganisms may develop into toxic blooms. Nearly 25 to 75% cyanobacterial blooms produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins that harm life forms like zooplankton, shellfish, fish, birds, mammals. Cyanotoxins belong a diverse group chemical substances can be grouped into: cyclic peptides, alkaloids or lipopolysaccharides; neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, dermatotoxic. The peptide toxins microcystin, nodularin cylindrospermopsin family most frequent. Microcystis is predominant hepatotoxin producing cyanobacterium found in microcystin-LR frequent microcystin variant major toxin bloom. Anatoxins-a neurotoxic alkaloid mimics acetylcholine activity. LD50 values microcystins vary widely range from 20 1,500 μg/kg body weight fish whereas; Anatoxin-a about 0.2 mg kg 1 mouse. However, correct identification complicated due production more than type same Moreover, exist several variants many them yet undescribed. Therefore, this article emphasizes detection including their extraction, concentration/cleanup, preservation determination methods besides, current knowledge toxicological mechanisms cyanotoxins, treatments, control fatalities related by proper monitoring through prescribed guidelines standards.