The construction of near-natural forests in the urban areas of Shanghai.

摘要: Throughout the ages, China has had a high regard for afforestation and forest protection. Old growth forests, secondary Fengshui forests (which can be good luck owners, such as monastery or temple cemetery around houses), all of various areas patterns, are seen across nation. While have been planted throughout nation since 1950 to improve environmental quality, pace construction accelerated 1980. As result, is now among top nations with greatest area human-made in world. Because history human activities long often violent, indigenous vegetation severely damaged. This made reconstruction difficult by decreasing survival rate these prolonging time it takes their restoration establishment. Although this situation partially caused problems policies lack funding, proper theory support operational methods that guide projects also created setbacks. At present, there discrepancies inconsistencies theories informing process restoring reconstructing urban ecosystems (Hobbs, 1996; Allen et al., 1997; Palmer Miyawaki, 1998; Bao Chen, 1999; Zhang Xu, 1999). Empirical studies scientifically experiment test different needed both advance discipline forestry determine best management techniques approaches contexts. The city an artificial, constructed ecosystem where occupation dominant. Cities complex consisting social, economic, natural subsystems. within precipitous state decline due intense duration. forestry, which arose Western latter half 20th century, type serves quality life city. Therefore, its narrowest sense, objective make green, beautiful, healthy people. Near-natural new method developed carried out Miyawaki (1998, 1999a,b; see Chapter 12). recent approach based on potential community succession. Native tree shrub species selected from local seeds germinated