Chemistry of the lower atmosphere

摘要: 1 The Role of Natural and Anthropogenic Pollutants in Cloud Precipitation Formation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. If There Were No Aerosols the Atmosphere.- 3. Nucleating Drops.- 3.1. Ions.- 3.2. Water-Soluble, Hygroscopic Particles.- 3.3. Water-Insoluble 4. Formation Warm Clouds.- 5. Ice Crystals.- 6. Supercooled References.- 2 Particulate Matter Lower Troposphere.- 2.1. Sources 2.2. Composition Particles Collected from 2.3. Particle Concentrations Size Distributions.- 2.4. Mechanisms Removal Residence Times.- Stratosphere.- Sulfate Layer.- 3 Processes Gaseous Pollutants.- Physical Chemistry Trace Gases.- Constituents.- Water-Soluble Chemical Reactivity Sulfur Dioxide.- for Aerosols.- Dynamical Aerosol Removal.- Summary Conclusions.- Acknowledgment.- 4 Global Cycle.- Nature Environment.- Sulfur.- 4.1. 4.2. Crustal Contents Reservoirs.- Transfer Rates.- 6.1. 6.2. Pedosphere.- 6.3. Hydrosphere.- 6.4. River Runoff.- 6.5. Lithosphere.- 6.6. Mantle.- 7. 8. Discussion.- 8.1. Comparison with Cycles.- 8.2. Background Atmospheric 8.3. Mobilization by Man.- 8.4. Pollution Waters.- Bibliography 5 Basis Climate Change.- Lessons to be Learned Past.- Approach a Theory Climate: Interactions Among Chemistry, Radiation, Dynamics.- Factors Affecting Climate.- Mathematical Formulations Man-Made Influences on Composition.- Carbon Dioxide Fossil Fuels.- 4.3. Changes 6 Cycle: Reservoir Models Depict Exchange Oceans Land Plants.- Preface.- I. Formulation Solution Model Equations.- 1.1 Introductory Remarks.- 1.2. Review Previous Work.- 1.3. Preliminary Modeling Considerations.- 1.4. Models.- Three-Reservoir Atmosphere-Ocean Tandem Model.- Four-Reservoir Biota.- Five-Reservoir Branched Divided II. Specification Numerical Results.- Derivation Coefficients Air-Sea Exchange.- Influence Buffer Factor.- Steady-State Transient Within Ocean.- 7.1. 7.2. Observational Data.- Summaries.- Fluxes Masses 9. Results 9.1. Additional 9.2. Three- 9.3. Search Best Fit Observed Variations.- Appendix A. Solve B. Equations References.