Estimating the global burden of thalassogenic diseases: human infectious diseases caused by wastewater pollution of the marine environment.

摘要: This paper presents a preliminary attempt at obtaining an order-of-magnitude estimate of the global burden disease (GBD) human infectious diseases associated with swimming/bathing in coastal waters polluted by wastewater, and eating raw or lightly steamed filter-feeding shellfish harvested from such waters. Such will be termed thalassogenic--caused sea. Until recently these health effects have been viewed primarily as local phenomena, not generally included world agenda marine scientists dealing pollution problems. The massive scale problem can visualized when one considers that wastewater body wastes significant portion world's population who reside along coastline vicinity sea are discharged daily, directly indirectly, into waters, much it little no treatment. Every cubic metre domestic carry millions doses pathogenic microorganisms. It is estimated globally, foreign tourists together spend some 2 billion man-days annually recreational resorts many often exposed there to wastewater. Annually 800 million meals potentially contaminated shellfish/bivalves other foods, consumed, steamed. A number scientific studies shown swimmers swallow amounts seawater become ill gastrointestinal respiratory pathogens they ingest. Based on risk assessments World Health Organization (WHO) academic research sources present study has made each year, excess 120 cases 50 more severe caused swimming bathing wastewater-polluted Filter-feeding shellfish/bivalves, which areas sea, effectively filter out concentrate microbial seawater. roughly 4 hepatitis E (HAV/HEV), 40 thousand deaths long-term disability, mainly chronic liver damage, consuming shellfish/molluscs globally total impact thalassogenic diseases--human microorganisms land-based seas--is about 3 'disability-adjusted life years' (DALY)/year, economic loss 12 dollars per year. Due nature estimates this appropriate assume all above figures than first approximations true may 50% higher lower. Nevertheless, author's belief indicates results multi-billion dollar year preventing worthy inclusion prevention control.