Immunotoxicity testing using human primary leukocytes: An adjunct approach for the evaluation of human risk.

摘要: Abstract Historically, immunotoxicity testing for chemicals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals has relied heavily on animal models to identify effects the immune system followed by extrapolation humans. Substantial progress been made in past decade understanding human cell regulation, adaptive innate responses its modulation. The is complex there exists diversity within composition, localization, activation of different types between individuals. inherent variation populations owing genetics environment can have a significant influence response infectious agents, drugs, chemicals other environmental factors. Several recent reports highlighted that mouse sepsis inflammation are poorly predictive disease physiology pathology. Rodent cells differ expression surface proteins phenotypes expressed models, which may significantly mechanism action xenobiotics susceptibility yielding profile activity across species. In light these differences trends toward precision medicine, personalized therapies 3Rs (reduce, replace refine use) approaches, importance using ‘all human’ model systems cannot be overstated. Hence, this opinion piece aims discuss new used assess contaminants modulators cells, advantages challenges primary immunotoxicology research implication future testing.