Which Taxa Are Alien? Criteria, Applications, and Uncertainties

摘要: Human activities such as the transport of species to new regions and modifications environment are increasingly reshaping distribution biota. Accordingly, developing robust, repeatable, consistent definitions alien that serve scientific policy purposes has become prime importance. We provide a set classification criteria widely applicable across taxa realms offer guidance on their use in practice. The focus (a) acknowledging role assessment uncertainty, (b) incorporating time since introduction, (c) considering infraspecific taxonomic ranks, (d) differentiating between whose survival depends explicit human assistance from those survive without assistance. Furthermore, we make recommendations for reducing suggest thresholds assessment, develop an scheme. illustrate application with case studies. Finally, implications management, policy, research discussed.