Fear affects parental care, which predicts juvenile survival and exacerbates the total cost of fear on demography.

摘要: Fear itself (perceived predation risk) can affect wildlife demography, but the cumulative impact of fear on population dynamics is not well understood. Parental care arguably what most distinguishes birds and mammals from other taxa, yet only one experiment has tested effects parental food provisioning repercussions this for survival dependent offspring, during early-stage care. We effect late-stage mobile by locating radio-tagged Song Sparrow fledglings broadcasting predator or non-predator playbacks in their vicinity, measuring parent's behavior own, tracking offspring's to independence. significantly reduced care, fearfulness (as indexed reduction when hearing predators) predicted condition survival. Combining results with that we project powerful enough reduce 24%, cumulatively number young reaching independence more than half, 53%. Experiments invertebrate aquatic systems demonstrate commonly as important direct killing affecting prey suggest focusing offspring will reveal same wildlife.