Traditional management of forests: plant and bird community responses to alternative restoration of oak–hazel woodland in Sweden

摘要: Species richness of vascular plants and birds were examined in relation to five types management (including abandonment) oak-hazel woodland south-central Sweden. The biodiversity this type is affected by lengthy contrast present emphasis on the fragmentation more or less pristine forests. woodlands derive from old deciduous forests but a source agricultural commodities medieval time end 19th century. Vascular censused during spring–summer for four years. Total number plant species, species field layer forbs, breeding migrant numerous at simulated original with mowing small interior grasslands than mechanical clearing abandonment. Summer grazing led intermediate numbers. Exotic common long-time trees shrubs, graminoids, all spring birds, resident non-passerine did not exhibit any difference between treatments. Inter-site variation was usually smaller abandonment true management. showed positive correlation particularly large sites examined. general findings accordance disturbance hypothesis. Original would secure most potential bird extensive cattle also retain many species.