Chapter 39 – Disorders of the Urinary System

Susan L. McClanahan, Erin D. Malone, Kari L. Anderson, Bladder outlet obstruction in a 6-month-old alpaca secondary to pelvic displacement of the urinary bladder. Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne. ,vol. 46, pp. 247- 249 ,(2005)

N. L. Dykes, A. Kovacs, D. H. Schlafer, C. E. Wilker, V. N. Meyers-Wallen, B. A. Ball, XX sex reversal in a llama. Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association. ,vol. 204, pp. 112- 115 ,(1994)

H.W. Leipold, T. Hiraga, L.W. Johnson, Congenital defects in the llama. Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice. ,vol. 10, pp. 401- 420 ,(1994) , 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30572-7

Kathy A. Spaulding, Kevin L. Anderson, Mathew P. Gerard, Kyleigh A. Geissler, Keith P. Poulsen, Bilateral renal agenesis in an alpaca cria. Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne. ,vol. 47, pp. 159- 161 ,(2006)

Irwin Ja, Lymphosarcoma in an alpaca. Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne. ,vol. 42, pp. 805- 806 ,(2001)

David E Anderson, E M Gaughan, A N Baird, D G Pugh, H C Lin, Laparoscopic surgical approach and anatomy of the abdomen in llamas. Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association. ,vol. 208, pp. 111- ,(1996)

Williams Rj, Hutchison Jm, Belknap Eb, Acute renal failure in the llama (Lama glama). The Cornell veterinarian. ,vol. 83, pp. 39- 46 ,(1993)

G. D. Hallowell, N. J. Mills, T. J. Potter, Labial fusion causing urinary tract obstruction in an alpaca cria Veterinary Record. ,vol. 161, pp. 862- 862 ,(2007) , 10.1136/VR.161.25.862

LY Hardefeldt, JA Textor, AJ Dart, Renal agenesis in an alpaca cria Australian Veterinary Journal. ,vol. 85, pp. 185- 187 ,(2007) , 10.1111/J.1751-0813.2007.00125.X

S. H. Smith, D. R. Reel, Cerebral and renal candidosis in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record. ,vol. 162, pp. 485- 486 ,(2008) , 10.1136/VR.162.15.485