Food Web Ecology of a Leafminer-Parasitoid Community

作者: Eleanor Jane Blitzer

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摘要: The importance of competition in phytphagous insect communities is a highly controversial and unresolved issue. This debate was resolved, part, by the recognition that species may compete indirectly as well directly. I first test direct on fitness L. helianthi C. platyptera with series laboratory experiments which manipulate densities each species. focus leafminers Liriomyza Calicomyza because these two leafminer co-occur spatiotemporally, are closely related, share cryptic feeding niche, and, therefore predicated to provide model system for testing assumptions theory. along their community hymenopteran parasitoids studying apparent field. Apparent competition, one indirect pathway defined negative effect population growth rate or abundance another species, mediated through action shared natural enemies. surveyed populations , parasitoids, over years at seven sites Central Valley California. Quantitative food webs year were used visualize host-parasitoid interactions. found same dominant both herbivore. Parasitism platypera significantly positively correlated leaf-miner density parasitism levels. Indirect interactions can extend herbivore across space time. has generated much recent attention, but studies mechanisms lead still rare. use experimental data hypotheses leading asymmetric competition. emerge approximately month (two parasitoid generations) before have higher throughout season. Experimental removal early summer leads 50% reduction . Because known be important mortality agents this system, conclude emergence asynchrony between impacts Land-use intensification led mosaic landscape juxtaposes human-managed areas. In such human-dominated heterogeneous landscapes, spillover habitat types, especially systems differ resource availability, an ecological process structuring communities. While there evidence from habitats managed areas, little attention been given flow opposite direction. Here we synthesize five functionally trophic groups, herbivores, pathogens, pollinators, predators, seed dispersers, discuss all groups. argue underestimated past. most frequently documented examples report pathogen vertebrate predator spillover, smaller number reporting pollinators herbivores.

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