Macroscopic strains in granular materials accounting for grain rotations

摘要: Granular materials are special materials, from the continuum-mechanical viewpoint, in sense that they possess a clear microstructure of grains and intergrain contacts. In addition, have translational as well rotational degrees freedom. Here micromechanical expression is formulated for average displacement gradient tensor terms grain displacements rotations two-dimensional case. It based on tessellation granular assembly into closed loops, along whose boundary field defined rotations. An important consideration this it must satisfy surface-additivity property, according to which combined surface determined by gradients constituent surfaces (and weighted their areas). The developed verified comparing its results with macroscopic deformation at boundary. Results DEM simulations biaxial test (where rotation equal zero) shear not employed verification. subsequently used study patterns complex case where band formed.