Outer membrane vesicles function as offensive weapons in host–parasite interactions

摘要: Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), ubiquitously shed from Gram-negative bacteria, contain various virulence factors such as toxins, proteases, adhesins, and lipopolysaccharide, which are utilized to establish a colonization niche, modulate host defense response, impair cell function. Thus, OMVs can be considered type of bacterial offensive weapon. This review discusses the entry mechanism into cells well their etiological roles in host-parasite interactions.