Clinical findings and normative ocular data for free-living Anna's (Calypte anna ) and Black-chinned (Archilochus alexandri ) Hummingbirds

摘要: Author(s): Moore, Bret A; Maggs, David J; Kim, Soohyun; Motta, Monica Bandivadekar, Ruta; Tell, Lisa Murphy, Christopher J | Abstract: OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of ocular disease and obtain normative data for free-living hummingbirds. ANIMALS STUDIED:Two hundred sixty-three free-living, adult Hummingbirds from coastal inland central California were studied, including Anna's (Calypte anna, n = 186) Black-chinned (Archilochus alexandri; 77) PROCEDURES:Slit lamp biomicroscopy indirect ophthalmoscopy performed on all individuals. Rebound tonometry, measurement horizontal palpebral fissure length, streak retinoscopy select Five conscious underwent imaging fundus photography, digital slit anterior segment retinal optical coherence tomography. RESULTS:The in this population was 2.28%. Ocular revealed a thin cornea, shallow chamber, large lens, single central, deep convexiclivate fovea. Mean ± SD intraocular pressure 11.21 2.23 mm Hg. eyelid length 2.59 0.19 mm. All eyes emmetropic or mildly hyperopic with mean (range) refractive error +0.32 (-0.25 to +1) 0.33 diopters. CONCLUSIONS:Consistent previous reports, these suggest that hummingbirds have visual characteristics found predatory prey species, as well low spontaneous disease. This work provides set reference values clinical findings can be used future research hummingbird vision It also representative diagnostic images normal birds demonstrates advanced manually restrained without pharmacologic dilation.