Operando monitoring the nanometric morphological evolution of TiO2 nanoparticles in a Na-ion battery.

摘要: Na-ion batteries are nowadays receiving renewed attention because of its propitiousness for large-scale stationary applications. Although the Na storage mechanism is still not completely understood, TiO2 nanoparticles very promising active anode materials in provided that a correct dispersion achieved within battery electrode. Whilst structural changes, either crystallinity or crystalline phase, occur during operation much recent attention, nanometric morphological evolution electrode yet to be thoroughly addressed, despite implication efficiency. In present work, operando small-angle x-ray scattering studies on TiO2/Na-ion show whereas nanoparticle size preserved discharge-charge cycles, mean distance between increases. The observed changes consistent with swelling and aggregation operation, being one phenomenon dominant over other depending applied density current; thus, differences ion diffusion