Individual dose and exposure of Italian children to ultrafine particles

摘要: Time-activity patterns and the airborne pollutant concentrations encountered by children each day are an important determinant of individual exposure to particles. This is demonstrated in this work using hand-held devices measure real-time more than 100 aged 8-11 years particle number average diameter, as well alveolar tracheobronchial deposited surface area concentration. A GPS-logger activity diaries were also used give explanation measurement results. Children divided three sample groups: two groups comprised urban schools (school time from 8:30 am 1:30 pm) with lunch dinner at home, third group a rural school only home. The mean concentration was found differ between groups, ranging 6.2 × 10(4)part.cm(-3) for attending one 1.6 school. corresponding daily dose varied about 1.7 10(3)mm(2) 6.0 10(2)mm(2) For all monitored, lowest during sleeping highest eating time. With regard dose, child's home major contributor (about 70%), contributing 17% 27% An contribution arises cooking/eating spent which accounted approximately 20% overall exposure, 200 mm(2). These activities represent received per unit, very high values fireplace those that spend considerable stuck traffic jams.