Application of pharmacokinetic data to the risk assessment of inhaled manganese.

摘要: There is increased interest within the scientific community concerning neurotoxicity of manganese owing in part to use methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl (MMT) as a gasoline fuel additive and an enhanced awareness that this essential metal may play role hepatic encephalopathy other neurologic diseases. Neurotoxicity generally arises over prolonged period time results when intake exceeds its elimination leading increases brain concentration. can occur following high dose oral, inhalation, or parenteral exposure hepatobiliary clearance impaired. Studies completed during past several years have substantially improved our understanding health risks posed by inhaled determining conditions lead concentrations central nervous system target organs. Many these studies focused on phosphates, sulfates, oxides since are formed emitted MMT combustion automobile. These evaluated direct nose-to-brain transport examined differences toxicokinetics potentially sensitive subpopulations (e.g., fetuses, neonates, individuals with compromised function sub-optimal intake, aged). This manuscript reviews U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's current risk assessment for manganese, summarizes contemporary pharmacokinetic studies, considers how data could inform future assessments inhalation.