Eastward Ho: phylogeographical perspectives on colonization of hosts and parasites across the Beringian nexus

摘要: The response of Arctic organisms and their parasites to dramatic fluctuations in climate during the Pleistocene has direct implications for predicting impact current change North. An increasing number phylogeographical studies have laid a framework testing hypotheses concerning shifting environmental conditions on transcontinental movement. We review 35 trans-Beringian terrestrial freshwater taxa, both hosts parasites, identify generalized patterns regarding number, direction timing trans-continental colonizations. found that colonization across Beringia was primarily from Asia North America, with many events occurring Quaternary period. molecular we examined focused role glacial cycles refugia promoting diversification. address value establishing testable related high-latitude biogeography. then discuss future prospects coalescent theory, palaeoecology, ancient DNA synthetic arctic host–parasite assemblages highlighting cryptic diversity, biogeography variation.