Household greywater treatment in water-stressed regions in cold climates using an ‘Ice-Block Unit’: Perspective from the coldest capital in the world

摘要: Abstract This note from the field shows a novel, hybrid concept of constructed wetland for first time in water-stressed region coldest capital world, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. After selecting suitable household compound, an ‘Ice-Block Unit’ was designed and to assess its technical performance capacity reduce greywater-borne hazards during 2013 2014. system based on storing water winter freezing period as ice block, then starting treatment summer/non-freezing period. Results showed that maximum removal rates chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH 4 + , NO 2 − total suspended solids (TSS), PO Escherichia coli were up 100%, 99%, 97%, 87%, 98%, respectively. The effluent met neighbouring country, China's, municipal discharge standard A grade could also be considered restricted unrestricted irrigation reported other studies. has proven potential point view can scaled community or cluster levels. would enable reduction low, middle high income countries with similar contexts.