Ecosystems: Balancing Science with Management

摘要: 1 Introduction.- 2 Ecosystem Concept: Historical and Present Review of Definitions Development Ecology, Management, Its Legal Framework.- 2.1 Roots the Ecology Concept.- 2.2 Management.- 2.3 3 Tools Knowledge Base Presently Available to Do Management Assess Success.- 3.1 Overview.- 3.2 Factors Contributing Scales.- 3.3 Spatial Boundary Considerations.- 3.4 Scales 3.5 Disturbances as Temporal Agents Change.- 3.6 Parameters Used Study Ecosystems.- 4 Detecting Resistance Resilience 4.1 Signs Degradation Indicators State 4.2 Useful Approaches for 5 Case Studies: Degrees 5.1 Management: What Is Happening in Field.- 5.2 Forest Assessment Team's Plan Old-Growth Ecosystems Within Range Northern Spotted Owl Pacific Northwest United States.- 5.3 National 5.4 Developing Sustainable Cases from Pulp Paper Companies.- 5.5 Adirondack Park Study.- 6 Science Synthesis.- 6.1 6.2 Should Be Monitored 6.3 Impediments Utilizing Approach.- 6.4 Adaptive 6.5 Principles 6.6 Costs Benefits Instituting a New Environmental Scheme.- References.- Appendix: Ecological, Concepts Relevant Through Time.