Swimming Mechanics and Energetics of Elasmobranch Fishes

摘要: 1. Introduction 2. Elasmobranch Locomotor Diversity 3. Kinematics and Body Mechanics 4. Hydrodynamics of Locomotion 5. The Remarkable Skin Elasmobranchs Its Function 6. Energetics 7. Climate Change: Effects on 8. Conclusions remarkable locomotor capabilities elasmobranch fishes are evident in the long migrations undertaken by many species, their maneuverability, specialized structures such as skin shape pectoral caudal fins that confer unique abilities. diversity ranges from species primarily benthic to fast open-ocean swimmers, kinematics hydrodynamics equally diverse. Many elongate-bodied shark exhibit classical undulatory patterns deformation, while skates rays use expanded wing-like oscillatory modes. Experimental hydrodynamic analysis fin function leopard sharks shows fins, when held typical cruising position, do not generate lift forces, but active generating torques during unsteady swimming. heterocercal (asymmetrical) tail generates would rotate body around center mass except for counteracting generated ventral surface head. sharks, with its hard denticles embedded a flexible skin, alters flow dynamics over recent experimental data suggest both reduces drag enhances thrust oscillating propulsive surfaces tail. Analyses energetics limited comparison teleost fishes, batoids particularly scarce. We present an overview comparative energetics, comparisons selected fishes: generally, low costs transport compared elasmobranchs. susceptible changing oceanic conditions response climate change result habitat, reproductive mode, or site fidelity. studies demonstrate even small changes water temperature can negatively impact performance, locally adapted populations differ how they respond abiotic stressors.