Combining citizen science, bioclimatic envelope models and observed habitat preferences to determine the distribution of an inconspicuous, recently detected introduced bee (Halictus smaragdulus Vachal Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Australia

摘要: Introduced bees may compete with native fauna, spread parasites or pathogens to commercial bee hives, increase the fecundity of introduced weeds. Therefore, recent detection Halictus smaragdulus, western Palaearctic, in Hunter Valley region New South Wales (NSW, Australia) is cause for concern. However, it currently difficult justify control measures, as there little known on its ecology, impacts and distribution. Determining current distribution fundamental managing species, yet this inconspicuous species such H. especially introductions are often found low densities. We demonstrated how a combination approaches could be used improve identification occupied locations NSW, including bioclimatic envelope models, proximity populations, observed habitat preferences. Members public were also trained collect specimens overall survey efficiency. Bees collected using pan traps sweep netting. smaragdulus was detected at 44 new locations, extending from ~1,250 46,800 km2. While models helped guide detectability higher when preferences populations considered. that training via internet appropriate procedures returning mail, members successfully small invertebrate, potential applications other similar species.