The Response of Spectral Tarsiers Toward Avian and Terrestrial Predators

摘要: Predation pressure has an overwhelming influence on the behavior of nonhuman primates (Cheney & Wrangham, 1986; Isbell, 1994; Hill Dunbar, 1998; Janson, Stanford, Treves, Wright, Bearder et al., 2002). In response to this powerful selective pressure, have evolved a variety adaptations thwart predators including concealment, vigilance, flight, alarm calls, group living, and polyspecific associations (Caine, 1984; Cheney Cords, 1990; Ferrari Ferrari, Baldellou Henzi, 1992; Cowlishaw, Lima, 1995; Gould, 1996; Iwamoto Bshary Noe, 1997; The anti-predator strategy used by prey often depends particular circumstances threatening situation (Ydenberg Welton 2003). other words, avoid unnecessary costly responses, animals assess degree risk tailor their responses accordingly (Lima Dill, 1999; Henni, 2005). particular, or situations that are unlikely be successful in attack can responded differently than likely (Welton