Impacts of Climate Change, Including Acidification, on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries

摘要: Marine ecosystems have always been affected by changes in climate at timescales from decades to millions of years. Since the industrial revolution nineteenth century increase greenhouse gases (GHG) has caused an accelerating rise global temperature whose effects on marine biota can be detected individual, population and ecosystem level. The rising level CO2 consequent acidification oceans is having impact metabolism calcification many organisms, with damage vulnerable ecosystems, such as coral reefs, already occurring. pH lower now than it for past 600,000