Indirect effects of changes in environmental and agricultural policies on the diet of wolves

摘要: Policies have the potential to affect human–wildlife coexistence. However, despite consequences being evident beforehand or emerging soon after their implementation, conflicts between policies and biodiversity conservation are not always easy predict. Wolves feeding on anthropogenic food sources (AFS) usually fall into conflict with humans, mainly due predation livestock. But availability of AFS can be influenced by different leading diet shifts, which could trigger new exacerbate existing ones. Here, we show a long-term shift in wolves northwestern Iberia over last three decades discuss its connection changes sanitary, environmental, socioeconomic policies. persisted for long time activity humans accounting >94 % diet. Our results suggest policies, from broad including more feedlot (pigs, chickens) medium-sized (goats dogs) species, form carrion, narrow based primarily large domestic ungulates (cattle horses). We implications observed human–wolf conflicts. also call attention pressing need integrate anticipate future management dilemmas.