Marine protected areas

摘要: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are spatially delimited areas of the marine environment that managed at least in part, for conservation biodiversity. The number MPAs declared worldwide is increasing exponentially Because can be a variety reasons, specific goals each MPA need to specified allow management agencies assess success MPA, and guide monitoring research activities within. complexity processes within ecosystems, ecological changes associated with declaration vary greatly from one region another difficult predict accurately. Important factors affect way plants animals respond include distribution habitat types, level connectivity nearby fished habitats, wave exposure, depth distribution, prior resource extraction, regulations, compliance regulations. value primarily relates biodiversity conservation, fisheries, as tools, but they also generate recreational, aesthetic educational benefits. Conservation benefits evident through increased heterogeneity seascape level, abundance threatened species maintenance full range genotypes. Fisheries benefit spillover, dispersal egg larval propagules, insurance against stock collapse. Scientific relate use reference scale human impacts on environment, locations collection data unobtainable systems. Nevertheless, involve costs society displaced fishing effort, short-term reductions catches, false security, undesirable interactions biota. do not represent universal panacea all threats affecting regarded arguably most important tool manager's toolbox.