Persistence of tree relicts in the Spanish Central System through the Holocene

摘要: Normal 0 21 false Persistence of relict tree species in Mediterranean environments is becoming increasingly unlikely view ongoing and future global change. The variability the Holocene climate more recent anthropogenic impacts have driven many populations to fragmentation isolation, even extinction. However, some persisted present day. understanding their evolution requires long-term studies, which pollen analysis a key approach both for formulating hypotheses supporting results from other disciplines. Mountain ranges played still play an essential role as glacial interglacial refugia during Quaternary. Spanish Central System harbors exceptional diversity due its geographical location complex topography. Some cold-adapted survived here with significant proportions southernmost populations, often displaying striking adaptations changing environments. This work contains comprehensive review palynological investigations conducted System, reveals distribution genera such Taxus , Betula Fagus Carpinus Tilia throughout Holocene. We also highlight scarcity well-dated high-resolution works, may contribute better evolution.