National systems of innovation under strain: the internationalisation of corporate R&D.

摘要: The central components of national systems innovation in the advanced OECD countries are innovative activities performed by practitioners (mainly businesses), and basic research and related training universities. close linkages observed between science base in nationally owned firms reflect advantages physical agglomeration innovative activities, allow companies countries to extract major economic benefits from their investments. However, under increasing strain, because of emerging imbalances what has offer, demands of the technology system. These combined effects (1) the liberalisation international exchanges, (2) uneven rates technological development, (3) pressures competition, (4) range fields of potentially useful technology. These have long been felt large smaller countries. They have recently experienced different forms Germany, Japan UK, last of which dominant links virtually disappeared electronics industry, replaced more complicated links with foreign firms. likely grow all future.