The biological speciation and toxicokinetics of aluminum.

摘要: Abstract This review discusses recent literature on the chemical and physiological factors that influence absorption, distribution, excretion of aluminum in mammals, with particular regard to gastrointestinal absorption speciation plasma. Humans encounter aluminum, a ubiquitous yet highly insoluble element most forms, foods, drinking water, pharmaceuticals. Exposure also occurs by inhalation dust aerosols, particularly occupational settings. Absorption from gut depends largely pH presence complexing ligands, carboxylic acids, which metal can form absorbable neutral species. Uremic animals humans experience higher than normal body burdens despite increased urinary clearance metal. In plasma, 80-90% binds transferrin, an iron-transport protein for receptors exist many tissue. The remaining fraction plasma takes small-molecule hydroxy species small complexes phosphate, and, much lesser degree, amino acids. Most these have not been observed vivo but are predicted equilibrium models derived potentiometric methods NMR investigations. These predict major under conditions charged hence unavailable uptake into tissues.