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摘要: The mechanism by which the mammalian kidney creates osmotic gradient necessary for urine concentration remains an open question. We present a brief survey of give-and-take between theory and experiment on this question over last half century. start with introduction countercurrent multiplier paradigm in 1951. finish description recent suggestion that explanation enigmatic inner medullary may reside very metabolism cells, are required region's hypoxia to obtain their ATP largely from anaerobic glycolysis thus, same token, furnish net osmoles interstitium converting glucose lactate.