Dynamics of the Atmosphere-Ionosphere System

摘要: The upper atmosphere is the outermost region of a planetary where solar radiation leads to formation an ionosphere with appreciable plasma densities. and continuously interact each other in two-way nonlinear manner. It therefore increasingly common refer them as atmosphere-ionosphere system. Overall, state evolution atmotsphere-ionosphere system influenced by meteorological processes from below, which called “coupling below”, geomagnetic processes, often defined above” or simply space weather. Meteorological effects include upward propagating gravity waves, waves tides lower into thermosphere. This chapter reviews some elements energetics dynamics thermosphere-ionosphere Gravity are shown play role for energy momentum budget thermosphere, while modulate thermospheric variability over long time scales. During storms, prominent manifestation weather, thermosphere undergo substantial dynamical thermal changes due enhanced ion drag, Joule heating, particle precipitation. A comprehensive understanding response atmospheric origin those originating at Sun require whole approach.