Thermal evaluation of urbanization using a hybrid approach.

摘要: Abstract Urban development increases runoff temperatures from buildings and pavement, which can be harmful to aquatic life. However, our ability predict temperature as a function of land use is limited. This paper explores available tools for simulating with respect brook trout (Salvelinus sp.), sensitive species. The Minnesota Heat Export Tool (MINUHET) the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) were applied 14.1 km2 portion Stroubles Creek watershed near Blacksburg, Virginia two summers. Streamflow, water temperature, weather data acquired Tech StREAM Lab (Stream Research, Education, Management) monitoring stations. SWMM MINUHET calibrated validated streamflow, stream respectively. models imperviousness (SWMM-predicted streamflow) dew point (MINUHET-predicted temperature). While output time-step was 15 min, model performance in streamflow evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) on hourly time-steps. NSE values 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.57 during calibration validation periods, respectively, indicating that performed better than simulation. Stream simulated value 0.58 period, demonstrating satisfactory simulation temperature. Since not capable beyond simple mixing. Hydrologic thermal outputs combined hybrid approach emphasized strength each respective model, i.e. loads Hybrid models; (0.56) had greater (0.45) alone. predictions indicated would exceed toxicity threshold 21 °C 39% 38% observed exceeded 59% 53% time conservative predictor duration exceeding value.