摘要: Abstract The mythology of the wolf vastly outstrips scientific knowledge species in mind average citizen. present article, based on research Crown Continent Ecosystem, redresses this imbalance by showing an "up close and personal" view a classical den site. It shows first how to respect security privacy animals, then recognize interpret basic elements site such as pathways, openings, tracks. This kind look at "material culture" typical pack can replace ideology fantasy about with respect, awe, intimacy, so help form corresponding "pack" knowledgeable stakeholders committed its preservation. Keywords: endangered species, gray wolf, tracking, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming. current controversy over delisting relisting has made accurate information population behavior crucial. Yet remained elusive because near extinction, avoidance humans, until fairly recently, lack systematic research. Ignorance, therefore, including misinformation disinformation-not mention mystification- characterizes mass public. is largely abstraction viewed not reality popular media, literature, other circles. For example, much our so-called packs captivity rather than built observation study wolves wild. Few people have intimate understanding daily life wild, which makes identification them extremely difficult. report sheds some light gap academic describing classic description author's tracker project directed Cristina Eisenberg Oregon State University supported Glacier National Park; Waterton Lakes Alberta; Boone Crockett; Montana Fish, Wildlife, Parks; Nature Conservancy; bodies. applies somewhat more generally those U.S. states largest populations west lower 48 (Montana, Wyoming). Before approaching known site, out for animals their sensitivity human encroachment, etiquette protocol needs be followed. One should park vehicles far away walk quietly A different route from taken each day avoid leaving visible trail. also check nearby presence lest survival routines disturbed. In addition radio beeps (if been collared) live sightings vicinity, telltale signals include fresh track sign, howling, recent reports wildlife professionals, local residents, tourists. If are very close, investigation aborted scheduled later. To minimize disruption, time short spent quietly. important leave few scents possible (for eating urinating den), while removing anything unless absolutely necessary. usually forms hub what trackers call hub-and-spoke, or cluster, junction routine pathways. Given frequent trips well large size many who often travel together, paths deep, wide, trodden. Some used up twenty years aptly called "ancestral trails." Wolves register canid claws four toe pads but comparatively small triangular heel pad. Under right conditions number prints may gauge size, ratio offer clue litter size. …
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