A dynamical approach to ecosystem identity

摘要: This chapter focuses on the need for identity criteria ecosystems that must be dynamic, because measurements with other interactions and interventions in are themselves important accounts of focus processes, rather than mere descriptions their structures or states at various times. It backs up importance a dynamic concepts view remarks Amazonian deforestation debates over wider vs. narrower applicability models to protect forests different areas; these questions turn features forests, thus fit well notion ecosystem identity. also links Michael Ghiselin's David Hull's species as individuals, not natural kinds: Species likewise unified by relations, including common descent shared gene pool, (in cases isolation) potential pool. Like species, capable persistence, division, merger, conditions change time crucial. The closes exploration metamodels, "more general incorporate summarize findings many specific models." These least part, tools components building more properties, wide range metamodels complex adaptive systems, grounded thermodynamics, agency, process adaptation. All sources an insight into system individuation, illustrate how multiple can help illuminate processes.