Electron Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis

摘要: 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Electron Spectroscopy and Its Importance in Surface Science.- 1.2 The Information Depth.- 1.3 Spectroscopies.- References.- 2. Design of Spectrometers for Analysis.- 2.1 Specific Requirements the Various Spectroscopies 2.2 General Principles Characteristics Spectrometers.- 2.2.1. Basic Energy 2.2.2. Related to Resolution Sensitivity.- 2.2.3. Figures Merit.- 2.3 2.3.1 Optics 2.3.2 Optimization Monochromators Analyzers.- 2.3.3 Detection Methods Data Processing.- 2.3.4 Further Practical Considerations.- 2.4 Description Analysis Studies.- 2.4.1 Electrostatic Deflection 2.4.2 Magnetic 2.4.3 Crossed-Field 2.4.4 Retarding Potential 2.4.5 Other Techniques.- 2.5 Comparison 2.6 List Abbreviations Acronyms.- 3. Electron-Excited Core Level 3.1 Processes.- 3.1.1 Free Atoms.- 3.1.2 3.2 Threshold 3.2.1 Oberserving Excitation: Disappearance (DAPS).- 3.2.2 Observing Deexcitation.- 3.3 Ionization Loss (ILS).- 3.4 Auger (AES).- 3.4.1 Influence Atomic Environment.- 3.4.2 Quantitative 3.4.3 Microanalysis.- 3.4.4 Combined Auger/X-Ray 3.5 Comparisons.- 3.5.1 Inter Se.- 3.5.2 Versus ILS.- 3.5.3 Elemental 4. Diffraction Defect Structure.- 4.1 by Diffraction.- 4.1.1 Validity Kinematical Approximation.- 4.1.2 Construction Calculation Ideal LEED Pattern.- 4.1.3 Instrumental Limitations.- 4.1.4 Pattern Simple Structures.- 4.1.5 Kind 4.2 Point Defects.- 4.2.1 Variation Scattering Factor.- 4.2.2 Atom Position.- 4.3 Steps.- 4.3.1 Regular Step Arrays on Primitive Lattices.- 4.3.2 Irregular Arrays.- 4.3.3 Nonprimitive 4.3.4 Examples Stepped Surfaces.- 4.4 Domains Facets.- 4.4.1 Superstructures Domains.- 4.4.2 Patterns Domain 4.4.3 Patterns.- 4.4.4 4.5 Interpretation a 4.5.1 Parameters be Observed.- 4.5.2 Interrelation Defects Effects.- 5. Photoemission Spectroscopy.- 5.1 Photoemission.- 5.1.1 Ranges.- 5.1.2 5.2 Instrumentation.- 5.2.1 Light Sources.- 5.3 Theoretical Aspects.- 5.3.1 Excitation Emission.- 5.3.2 5.3.3 Relaxation Chemical Shift.- 5.3.4 from Adsorbates.- 5.4 Measurement Methods.- 5.4.1 Energy-Resolved 5.4.2 Angle-Resolved 5.4.3 Yield 5.4.4 Spin-Polarized 6. 6.1 Definition ELS.- 6.2 Theory Inelastic Scattering.- 6.2.1 Classical (Concept "Dielectric Theory").- 6.2.2 Quantum Mechanical Dielectric Theory.- 6.2.3 Optical Phonons Infrared-Active Material.- 6.2.4 Phonoms Noninfrared-Active Substrates.- 6.2.5 Plasma Waves.- 6.2.6 Electronic Transitions.- 6.2.7 Reduction.- 6.2.8 Anisotropic Effects 6.3 Experimental Studies Vibrations (Clean Surfaces).- 6.3.1 Apparatus.- 6.3.2 Infrared Active 6.3.3 Noninfrared 6.4 Vibrational Modes Gas-Covered 6.4.1 6.4.2 Information.- 6.4.3 Oxygen Adsorption Si (111) 2 x 1.- 6.4.4 Hydrogen 6.4.5 W(100).- 6.4.6 6.4.7 CO Tungsten (100).- 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 Relationship Between Spectrometer Spectra.- 6.5.3 Excitations Transitions at Clean Silicon 6.5.4 Ge(111) 6.5.5 Galliurn Arsenide.- 6.5.6 Selection Rule Observed Ge GaAs.- 6.5.7 SiO SiO2.- 6.6 Conclusion.- References.