Animal personality and behavioral syndromes in amphibians: a review of the evidence, experimental approaches, and implications for conservation

摘要: Animal personality and behavioral syndromes can have profound effects on individual fitness. Consequently, there is growing recognition that knowledge of these phenomena may assist with animal conservation. Here we review evidence for in amphibians (the most threatened vertebrate class), critique experimental approaches, explore whether this domain might endangered species management. Despite being a neglected field (research has spanned just 24 species), emerging frogs, toads, salamanders, newts show along three axes: boldness, exploration, activity. Among vertebrates, are unique having biphasic lifecycle defined by metamorphosis obvious transformations morphology, physiology, habitat use, characteristics enable detailed examination changes across life stages ecological contexts. Accordingly, recent work started to make important contributions our understanding the development proximate causes syndromes, some ontogenetic stability, genetic control, state-dependent personality. To date, however, no study considered conservation implications amphibians. Drawing conceptual framework empirical literature all argue considerable potential improve amphibian programs. We propose novel paradigm (i) mating reproductive success captive animals ensuring breeding pairs behaviorally compatible (ii) post-reintroduction survival facilitating selection optimal types release. appear be widespread nature. Here, amphibians, an understudied taxonomic group within field. summarize evidence, methodological approaches used, emphasize ecology makes them model studying consequences syndromes. also highlight significant reintroduction