A Review on the Biodiversity and Biogeography of Toxigenic Benthic Marine Dinoflagellates of the Coasts of Latin America

摘要: Many benthic dinoflagellates are known or suspected producers of lipophilic polyether phycotoxins, particularly in tropical and subtropical coastal zones. These toxins responsible for diverse intoxication events marine fauna human consumers seafood, but most notably humans, they cause toxin syndromes as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) ciguatera fish (CFP). This has led to enhanced, still insufficient, efforts describe dinoflagellate taxa using morphological molecular approaches. For example, recently published information on epibenthic from Mexican waters includes about 45 species 15 genera, many have only been tentatively identified the level, with fewer confirmed by criteria. review biodiversity biogeography putatively toxigenic Latin America, restricts geographical scope neritic zones North South American continents, including adjacent islands coral reefs. The focus is waters, primarily within genera Prorocentrum, Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa, Coolia, Ostreopsis Amphidinium. state knowledge reported these inadequate time-series data generally lacking prediction regime shift global change effects. Details their respective toxigenicity composition explored a few locations. Nevertheless, describing specific ecosystem habitats dinoflagellates, comparing those among three key regions - Gulf Mexico, Caribbean Sea Pacific coast, insights further risk assessment spreading toxic generated management effects America.