National Integration and Political Development in Pakistan

摘要: The central problem of political development in the emerging countries Asia and Africa is suggested title a recent book by "Chicago group" writers on developing nations: Old Societies New States.' represent traditional societies which are characterized vertical horizontal cleavages. On level, there gap between Westernized, modern elite illiterate mass, rich poor. cleavage different ethnic, linguistic regional groups. nationalism swept these during last days colonial rule was superficial-a product psychological response to impact West demand for independence from control. As Rupert Emerson has stated it, "are not yet nations being but only hope."2 Once achieved, emotional fervor generated movement soon replaced somber mood face difficulties prosaic task nation-building. Diverse ideologies-e.g., Socialism, Communism, religious revivalism, Western liberalism-claim loyalty politically relevant section people new states. Because discrepancies socialization process, educated fail solve their identity at personal level develop deep sense distrust each other.3 In mutual failure commit themselves totally any particular ideology, they find an escape playing up issues catering local prejudices. For obvious practical reasons-limited resources, paucity technical personnel like high degree ex. pectation raised fantasy cannot generally be matched government output. frustration-aggression complex thus helps populist movements arise. illiterate, poor, blurred parochial feelings, cleavages along lines become all more pronounced.