Mud volcanism: An updated review

摘要: Abstract Mud volcanism, or sedimentary represents one of the most intriguing phenomena Earth's crust, with important implications in energy resource exploration, seismicity, geo-hazard and atmospheric budget greenhouse gases. Since first review papers were issued at beginning 2000s, a large amount new geological, geophysical geochemical data has been acquired, which clarified ambiguous concepts significantly improved our knowledge mud volcanism. Here, we offer an updated volcanoes, emphasis on: terminology used to describe different processes structures; physical, chemical morphological characteristics several fluid emission properties released fluids, particular molecular isotopic composition gas; volcano formation dynamics; for petroleum geo-hazards global methane budget. This integrates fluids collected Azerbaijan is complemented field observations from various provinces worldwide. Although total number volcanoes on Earth still uncertain, > 600 main onshore structures, variety shapes sizes, are documented recent data-sets, thousand assumed exist oceans. It clear that: (a) broadly distributed throughout globe active margins, compressional zones accretionary complexes, thrust overthrust belts, passive deep basins related plate boundaries, as well delta regions; (b) they specifically located hydrocarbon bearing basins, along anticline axes, strike slips normal faults, fault-related folds Petroleum Systems; (c) represent specific category natural gas/oil seepage manifestation, often pressurised reservoirs; (d) engine driving volcanism given by combination gravitative instability shales overpressure build-up, followed hydrofracturing; (e) hydrocarbons generally thermogenic origin, while microbial gas only few cases. other planets (e.g. Mars Titan), activity associated emerging issues opportunities future research.