Primate Life Histories

摘要: The life history of any species is determined by traits that characterize its developmental and reproductive rates as well the effort spent over lifetime. This chapter will present an overview current knowledge on diversity primate history. It explore potential links between major biological factors, which are suggested a partial explanation for existing interspecific variations in Furthermore, it outline general principles hypotheses evolution review show extant primates ranging from nocturnal ancestral to apes provide important substrate illuminating evolutionary roots selective forces shaped human Introduction rates, lifetime (Stearns 1992). For mammals, these usually expressed gestation length, number size offspring at birth, body mass age weaning, patterns postnatal growth, first reproduction, interbirth interval, span. Life pattern variation can be studied or intraspecific level. Intraspecific arise because modified ecology, different populations single therefore expected some differences according specific ecological settings they experience (Lee Kappeler 2003). given should taken predispositions toward certain ranges values (Kappeler et al. 2003), can, other hand, effects socioecological parameters histories. Broad comparisons traits, form basis most models. Both levels employed this order illuminate shaping patterns. Many aspects timing systematic covariation with (Calder 1984), such has been recognized predictor among species. example, large takes longer grow maturity have larger neonates than does small one (Harvey 1987; Ross 1998). relationship not isometric function vary direct proportion mass. Instead, trait (P) typically allometric fashion (W ) based formula: P 1⁄4 aW . growth constant (allometric coefficient) b exponent) describe nature scaling case. If formula logarithmically transformed, describes straight line slope b. varies 0.19 0.61 (Mumby Vinicius 2008) mean 0.35 clearly smaller average value 1 mammals (Charnov 1993). Due fundamental interdependencies analyses 1528 E. Zimmermann U. Radespiel obligatory when exploring histories into consideration all parts chapter. In analyses, commonly observed data divided two more subsets similar trend exponent value) but vertically separated (i.e., intercepts). These referred “grades” vertical separation them termed “grade shift” (Purvis our (including humans); variations; evolution. General Features Primate Histories Comparison Other Mammals “speed” life, turnover, central concept field research lie slow end fastslow continuum described CluttonBrock 1985; Charnov Berrigan 1993; 1998; Dobson Oli 2008; Jones 2011). altered relationships many comparison those mammals. particular, periods, litter sizes, neonates, slower later lower annual fertility, span same weight (Fig. 1; Martin MacLarnon 1985, 1988; 1991; Lee As consequence, possess extended period infancy juvenility may explain why so different. They broadly categorized three groups related arguments. group explanations deals variables brain size. Allometric shown large-brained generally long slow, prolonged late sexual maturation, lives Allman Hakeem 1996; Barton 1999; 2003; Barrickman Schuppli 2012). Existing aim underlying pathways (see below). second mortality schedules environmentally imposed (Promislow Harvey 1990; 1991, Stearns 1992; Janson van Schaik 1999). Primate-specific avenues act relatively high juvenile (Janson 1993) recruitment uncertainty (Jones 2011) both favor i.e., periods juvenility, low adult connected 1529