Grimace Scores: Tools to Support the Identification of Pain in Mammals Used in Research.

摘要: The 3Rs, Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, is a framework to ensure the ethical justified use of animals in research. implementation refinements required alleviate minimise pain suffering Public acceptability animal research contingent on satisfying legal obligations provide relief along with humane endpoints. To fulfil this obligation, staff, researchers, veterinarians, technicians must rapidly, accurately, efficiently consistently identify, assess act signs pain. This ability paramount uphold welfare, prevent undue mitigate possible negative impacts Identification may be based indicators such as physiological, behavioural, or physical ones. Each has been used develop different scoring systems potential benefits limitations identifying assessing Grimace scores are promising adjunctive behavioural technique some mammalian species identify animals. method can beneficial welfare outcomes by that require alleviation intervention. paper highlights benefits, caveats, applications grimace scales.