Measurement Error and Misclassification in Statistics and Epidemiology: Impacts and Bayesian Adjustments

摘要: INTRODUCTION Examples of Mismeasurement The Phenomenon What is Ahead? THE IMPACT OF MISMEASURED CONTINUOUS VARIABLES Archetypical Scenario More General Impact Multiplicative Measurement Error Multiple Mismeasured Predictors about Variability and Small Samples? Logistic Regression Beyond Nondifferential Unbiased Summary Mathematical Details CATEGORICAL Linear Model Case Inferences on Odds-Ratios Differential Misclassification Polychotomous Variables ADJUSTMENT FOR Posterior Distributions A Simple Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model: Viral Dynamics I: Smoking Bladder Cancer II: Framingham Heart Study Issues in Specifying the Exposure Flexible Models Retrospective Analysis Comparison with Non-Bayesian Approaches Partial Knowledge Probabilities Dual Assessment Additional Explanatory FURTHER TOPICS Dichotomization Continuous Bias Misspecification Identifiability Further Remarks APPENDIX: BAYES-MCMC INFERENCE Bayes Theorem Point Interval Estimates Markov Chain Monte Carlo Prior Selection MCMC Unobserved Structure REFERENCES