The Stiff Shoulder

摘要: This chapter addresses the non-arthritic causes of a stiff shoulder including adhesive capsulitis (AC), both primary and secondary. Primary is debilitating pathology characterised by pain progressive fibrotic response with resultant loss movement. There remains significant conjecture in aetiology treatment options for AC patients demonstrating variable return to function as disease progresses. Although historically thought be self-limiting eventual full function, recent literature suggests early management facilitate pre-morbid condition limit severity selected individuals. Further, associated risk factors conditions may aid prevention capsulitis. Secondary capsulitis, post-traumatic/post-surgical, traumatic neurological are discussed well their potential pathogenesis options. provides an overview resulting from pro-fibrotic processes. The aetiology, natural history along diagnosis, radiological features treatment, detailing non-operative operative author’s approach suggested, treating what clinically challenging pathology.