Investigating the effect of farm milk consumption on childhood asthma and allergies in the context of farming, early life nutrition and innate immunity

摘要: Background In the past 20 years, investigations in affluent countries repeatedly found that an exposure to farming environments was associated with lowered risks for atopic disease childhood. Subsequently, consumption of cow’s milk from farms not commercially processed consistently identified as one specific protective farm related factor. Microorganisms, fatty acids and proteins were speculated possibly underlie these inverse associations outcomes. The pathways mediating this potential protection remain unclear. Recent research findings indicated involvement innate immune system. Objectives To elucidate previously observed childhood asthma allergic by identifying underlying components, putting results context similar dietary exposures assessing role system. Methods The cross-sectional GABRIEL study conducted rural areas Germany, Switzerland, Austria Poland. initial population comprised 103’219 6-12 year old children. Atopic health outcomes lifestyle assessed comprehensive questionnaires. Cow’s collected it consumed at participants’ homes about 800 prospective birth cohort PASTURE Austria, Switzerland Finland. Initially, 1’133 pregnant women recruited third trimester. Environmental self reports extensive questionnaires during pregnancy yearly up age 6. A detailed food frequency diary 1 provided information on introduction complementary foods. Blood samples used measure gene expression immunity receptors 1. Results A traditional type namely cows cultivation asthma, hay fever atopy. association general could be explained early life milk, contact straw. atopy, dermatitis fully factors. Reported unboiled significantly reduced risk sensitization, dermatitis. Whey (bovine serum albumin, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin) constituents explaining epidemiologically whereas sensitization any investigated constituent. Microorganisms fat content showed no outcomes. Increasing diversity introduced items inversely develop after 1, independently other exposures. An also yogurt first life. Maternal a significant up-regulation Toll-like (TLR) 7 8 expressions. Child’s TLR4, 5 6 expression. Conclusions outlook The variations between diseases suggest different may involved against development Several factors decreased children living but are yet identified. Our add evidence have effect system. We further demonstrate relevant differed utero child’s direct Results generated data need confirmed studies establish temporal relationships future employ more advanced methods assess microbial environmental important question will whether how system mediates life. Raw has preventive pathogens pose make implementation unlikely. native product is safe can still exert “protective effects” facilitated modern non-thermal pasteurization techniques.