Genitourinary MR: kidneys and adrenal glands.

摘要: Due to its high tissue contrast and multiplanar imaging capabilites, MRI provides a detailed display of renal adrenal anatomy. Recent technical developments overcoming the problem respiration induced motion artifacts use paramagnetic agents have further improved performance which has now evolved as an alternative or complementary modality ultrasound, excretory urography computed tomography. Dynamic contrast-enhanced studies will usually allow detect even small enhancing solid areas within cyst wall. Use fast (turbo) spoiled gradient echo sequence allows for assessment enhancement dynamics in masses. For tumor staging, capabilities are advantageous. Perinephric extent is best detected using opposed-phase GRE images resulting artifical accentuation contours. Extension into venous structures diagnosed by allowing distinction between flowing blood thrombus. Noninvasive differentiation lesions can be performed with unprecedented accuracy chemical-shift imaging.